“Don’t ever leave your baby in the road.” – My First Computer Science Professor, 2015.

That came out of left field, didn’t it? However, the quote (much like YAGNI) makes a lot of sense in the world of Computer Science. Specifically, this quote refers to the idea that you should never “assume that you’ll always be careful and pay attention”, but rather you should prevent any mishaps from happening in the first place. Global variables, for the most part, should be avoided; the ability to be accessible from anywhere within the program is dangerous to say the least.

However, the “Singleton” method of refactoring seems to make an argument for the usage of global variables (provided that they still have a level of protection from modifying the data). Singleton refactoring works on the idea that having one “global” instance of a behavior class can save on memory; client classes using the same behavior can reference that single class. However, due to certain features (for example, making the constructor a private method within the class), having a global Singleton object will not endure the same problems that traditional global variables bring to the table.

This is opposed to the “Strategy” method, which involves creating new classes upon new classes for each new behavior found within a project. This way, we can create an interface for this behavior, and have it implemented by client classes that use it (this will save on memory from unused, inherited methods). Yes, the Strategy method is a step-up from mere method overriding. However, its need to constantly create new classes takes up massive mountains of memory in its own right (which can lead to poor performance).

Both ideas (the Singleton and the Strategy) are discussed within the articles linked below. I personally picked these articles due to the fact that they were my “help reference” when working on some of the homework assignments. Refactoring Guru is a great website that summarizes different refactoring strategies, as well as providing pseudocode and applications of each strategy in the real world.

I hope to use this newfound knowledge to improve upon my refactoring skills; this in turn will cut down on code smells, and create more efficient solutions to programming problems. When considering the Singleton design, we can use global variables without running into code smells such as “needless complexity” (by bringing in an unnecessary aspect), “viscosity” (by making future updates more difficult to implement), or “fragility” (by errors caused from having the data modified anywhere within the program). As for the Strategy design, we can ensure that classes only contain methods that they’ll actually use; this cuts down on the “needless repetition” coding smell (by ensuring that inherited methods don’t go unused).

Links: https://refactoring.guru/design-patterns/strategy

https://refactoring.guru/design-patterns/singleton

From the blog CS@Worcester – mpekim.code by Mike Morley (mpekim) and used with permission of the author. All other rights reserved by the author.

For this week’s blog post, I’ve decided to continue watching the video I started in my last professional development post, “Object Oriented Design Tutorial: Creating a UML Design from Scratch” by Derek Banas. The reason I picked this video is because 1. it directly relates to one of our course topics, “Modeling: Unified Modeling Language (UML)” and 2. because it teaches a methodical process to creating UML diagrams. Again, since I will likely be making more UML diagrams in my educational/professional life, I want to further develop this skill. In my last post, I learned how to create a Use Case Description, and in this post, I will discuss how to use a Use Case Description to create an Object Model and a Sequence Diagram.

Derek starts his Object Model by using the actors he listed in his Case Description to create 3 separate object boxes in his Object Model diagram. He connects the actors/boxes with a line to show what action is carried between the given object and the multiplicity that each box has. Next, Derek fills in each object he has created with pertinent data fields, for example, since there is one object box for two players, he adds name as an important piece of information to differentiate the two players. This process was valuable to me because I tried to predict what information would be important before Derek did. I wanted to include some methods in the object model, but I learned this is not where I do this. Derek only includes attributes of the objects and other objects that a specific class will use (e.g. the CoinGame includes both the players and the coin actors).

The next thing Derek does is create a Sequence Diagram. It is important to mention that in this video, Derek mentions that he has another introductory video into Sequence Diagrams so he goes somewhat quickly through this process. Either way, there was a lot that happened and that I learned from observing this process. Overall, the main takeaway from this part of the tutorial is that Derek uses the Steps of Execution from the Case Description to lay out the logic of the program he is creating. Throughout this process I thought it was interesting that there were some things that Derek, himself, was not sure of as far as what made the most logical sense, but he went forward with what worked for him. This was really insightful because as I practice this process on my own, I’m realizing that I can create a similar program with a slightly different logical order of what makes the most sense to me.

My goal is to continue following Derek along in this process so I can use a similar approach to create a simple program on my own. For my next post, I’m considering following Derek as he creates a UML he describes to be “easy” now that he has his Sequence Diagram created.

Tutorial link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJW65Wo7IHI&list=PLGLfVvz_LVvS5P7khyR4xDp7T9lCk9PgE&index=3

From the blog Sensinci's Blog by Sensinci's Blog and used with permission of the author. All other rights reserved by the author.

After working with docker in the past couple activities, I wanted to learn more about docker, particularly how docker uses images and containers after working with them in activity 6. I have a good idea on how they work and some differences between them, but I wanted to look more into images and containers to have a better idea and clear up some questions I had from the activity. The post that I read that talked about these two elements relating to docker and was helpful to me was “Docker Image vs Container: What is the difference?” from phoenixNAP.

Docker images are the executable files that have the source data for the containers to run, and the containers run by the images. Containers are environments in docker where users can interact with applications. Containers need images to run, and without a container to run, images aren’t very useful. Images cannot be edited because they are almost always in read-only mode, and can act as a preview to the container.

What I did not know about images was how an image can have multiple layers, with one of those layers being the base for the container. Unlike containers, they can not be stopped or run.

I knew that containers were the main places where you can interact with the program and incorporates standardization, but I did not know for sure that the visualization was taking place at the app level of containers rather than the hardware level. Containers are also autonomous and are very secure due to their isolation.

From activity 6, one of the main things I saw that separates the two is that containers have images as a part of them and when a container is created, both the container and image are created. But when the container is removed, the image stayed while only the container was removed. The image cannot be removed on its own because it is being used by the container, stopping the container will not allow this either.

One quote from the post that I think best sums up the relationship between the two is “When discussing the difference between images and containers, it isn’t fair to contrast them as opposing entities. Both elements are closely related and are part of a system defined by the Docker platform.” There are things that separate them, but images and containers aren’t meant to be compared and contrasted, but to be used together to efficiently run the programs and data given from the Dockerfile.

https://phoenixnap.com/kb/docker-image-vs-container

From the blog Jeffery Neal's Blog by jneal44 and used with permission of the author. All other rights reserved by the author.

This week, as we have begun to use Docker and explore how to use it further, I thought it would be a good time to look further into what Docker is and why it is used professionally. In doing so, I found a relatively short blog post by Sudip Sengupta called Introduction To Docker: A Beginner’s Guide that I think does a pretty good job of explaining the positives of using Docker as a development tool.

The post begins by covering why a lot of companies are switching to a containerized framework for development. Mostly, they explain, it is due to the ease of use. It allows for reduced complexity and vulnerability, and generally makes the development process more resilient to the introduction of bugs that are introduced by developers using different dependencies, or using different versions of different software dependencies. If developers are using Docker, they have a consistent container that is completely independent of what they have installed on their own system. So there is no variation in how a build will go, and no bugs can be introduced in the build process, making both building and testing more stable. The post also contains a brief but helpful explanation of how Docker actually functions. A customized docker image can be used to tailor instances of the container to use what is needed for development, and allow for a more modular work environment, as everything needed is stored in the image.

I chose this post because it felt like a pretty good introduction to what Docker is, how it works, and why it is being used more and more in professional software development. From my own experience using Docker so far, it seems like an extremely useful tool. There is no longer a need to have Java installed on my system just for software development, I don’t have to worry as much about what versions I have installed, or have to worry about having multiple versions that can introduce issues into my development. There just seem to be so many perks to using containerization, especially as part of a development team. After the initial setup of getting Docker to work, all the dependencies of your code are just stored in an image that can be used by everyone on the dev team. There is no longer a need to worry about somebody having an out-of-date version of something that can break the code, or cause inconsistent testing results. I will definitely continue to use Docker in the future, it just seems like an invaluable tool for any kind of software development, either personal or professional. And the amount of development tools that are made for Docker or can interact with Docker makes it even more useful.

Source: https://www.bmc.com/blogs/docker-101-introduction/

From the blog CS@Worcester – Kurt Maiser's Coding Blog by kmaiser and used with permission of the author. All other rights reserved by the author.

For the past few weeks in class, we have been working with something called Docker. I have been working on projects that used docker, and we recently did an activity on Docker commands. With all this work revolving around Docker, I wanted to familiarize myself with it further. I did some research on what Docker is, how it works, and why we use it. There are an abundance of sources and blogs that go in depth to how Docker works. That being said, this blog post will just relay most of that information, and you may find it useful if you have been confused about docker up until now.

Let’s first understand what Docker is. A very informative source that I found was an article by IBM that explains this topic very well. Docker is an open source platform that utilizes containerization to package applications, their dependencies and required operating systems into containers. This in turn allows software developers like us to write code and build applications no matter the environment. Though it took a bit to get set up, I found that it made the whole process of writing programs more convenient.

For our second homework assignment, to get the project running in Visual Studio Code, we needed to reopen the folder in a dev container. Docker revolves around the process of containerization, a variation of virtualization. When you hear the term virtualization, you may think of virtual machines, which is the process of emulating a physical machine, virtualizing the OS, underlying hardware, the application and their dependencies. Containers on the other hand virtualize the OS and only the application and their dependencies. As a result, containers offer more portability because “unlike a virtual machine, containers do not need to include a guest OS in every instance and can, instead, simply leverage the features and resources of the host OS” as stated in another article by IBM.

Now that we have a better understanding of how containers differ from virtual machines. I just wanted to conclude by listing the benefits of using Docker and containers. IBM mentions that containers are more lightweight. I have definitely noticed the difference in system usage between running a virtual machine and just running Docker. Another benefit I have seen is the increase in development efficiency, especially for the second homework assignment, where we were required to run the code against tests several times as we made changes. Overall, I found that writing this blog post helped me get a better understanding of what Docker is, how containers work and their benefits to the software development process. It allowed me to weigh the pros and cons of using virtual machines as opposed to containers. And now I can understand why we are using Docker.

Sources:

https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/docker

https://www.ibm.com/cloud/blog/containers-vs-vms

From the blog CS@Worcester – Null Pointer by vrotimmy and used with permission of the author. All other rights reserved by the author.

https://refactoring.guru/design-patterns/strategy

This article shows the “intent” of the strategy design pattern and how to successfully use it when refactoring code which is our current class topic. According to the article the strategy pattern (a behavioral design pattern in CS helps define a group of algorithms in separate classes which will effectively use each other’s objects.

One of the larger issues addressed by using the strategy pattern helps keep the main class from growing into a more complex mess. The strategy pattern allows for a developer to take/extract a class that has different functions and funnel them into a new class which is what this pattern refers to as a strategy.

Interfaces are commonly used with the strategy pattern in order to communicate with the other “strategies” that you previously extracted from the main class. The use of interfaces in the strategy pattern also allows your code to switch between algorithms at run time by using sub objects that perform their own tasks.

I chose this article as I feel it gives readers like myself a good general understanding of how to use and implement the strategy pattern. The article effectively shows you when you should or should not use the strategy pattern along with the pros and cons of using it. Similarities between the strategy pattern and other patterns it also outlined in the article which helps you tell the patterns apart and when you should use one pattern over another.

This article from refactoring guru has helped me to better understand the strategy pattern as a whole and helped me gain a somewhat smaller but still important understanding of some aspects of other design patterns (for example command and state). There are also examples of the strategy pattern being used in different coding languages found under the “Relations with Other Patterns” section.  I plan to use the information in this article to help me understand the Strategy pattern more in current and future assignments as well as in my professional career whenever I may need to refactor code through the different design patterns.

Overall I believe the general understanding of the strategy pattern gained from this article can help myself and any other student that may be having trouble with the topic or even someone who is just curious and would like to learn more about design patterns as their are articles on the other design patterns on the same website that can be accessed easily through links near the end of the page.

From the blog CS@Worcester – Dylan Brown Computer Science by dylanbrowncs and used with permission of the author. All other rights reserved by the author.

            In my experience, the concept of virtualization is currently synonymous with the creation of virtual machines that are used to emulate hardware and operating systems that, for one reason or another, are not readily available during the process of software development. For example, during my studies I have needed to use programs that were not available on Windows operating systems or to study an operating system for which a physical unit may not be readily available. Whatever the case may be, virtualization is not a new concept, and it is widely utilized in software development. It is important to note that virtualization is not exclusive to virtual machines, as it has a broader range that includes any concept related to the abstraction of a system’s physical components into virtual components.

            Among others, one concept of virtualization is containerization, with which most of us are familiar through Docker. Conversely, containerization refers to the containment of applications, their dependencies, and their required operating system into a singular package, also called container (hence, the name) that can be deployed and used on any operating system. By design, containers are meant to be a portable and lightweight way of testing and deploying applications, at least when compared to virtual machines. However, it is important to note that singular instances of containers cannot be modified, whereas it is possible to customize and modify virtual machines. Despite the caveats or benefits of virtual machines and containers, both are equally important during development.

          As I mentioned before, I have used virtual machines during my studies to create and use servers that I had no immediate physical access to, so the concept of virtual machines is not entirely foreign to me. However, I have little experience by comparison when it comes to Docker and using containers for software development, so I believe it is important for me to understand their differences so that I can know how to properly utilize them. As I was researching more regarding the concepts of virtualization and containerization, I came across the post titled What’s the Diff: VMs vs Containers on BackBlaze.Com, in which Roderick Bauer defines what virtual machines and containers are in detail, how they are different based on their structure on a server, as well as listing their benefits and best uses. Though Bauer does not directly state their caveats, by looking at the differences of both virtualization and containerization I can better understand when either approach could be more suitable depending on the needs during development.

            Moreover, what this post also helped me understand better is that neither option is mutually exclusive; it is possible (and sometimes, even preferable) to utilize both virtualization and containerization during development, rather than being limited to either option, so long as doing so does contribute to improving development.

Direct link to the resource referenced in the post: https://www.backblaze.com/blog/vm-vs-containers/

Recommended materials/resources reviewed related to virtualization, virtual machines, and Docker/containerization:
1) https://www.oracle.com/cloud-native/container-registry/what-is-docker/
2) https://www.infoworld.com/article/3204171/what-is-docker-the-spark-for-the-container-revolution.html
3) https://www.docker.com/resources/what-container
4) https://devopscon.io/blog/docker/docker-vs-virtual-machine-where-are-the-differences/
5) https://www.airpair.com/docker/posts/8-proven-real-world-ways-to-use-docker
6) https://opensource.com/resources/virtualization
7) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualization (Definition of Virtualization)
8) https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/containerization

From the blog CS@Worcester – CompSci Log by sohoda and used with permission of the author. All other rights reserved by the author.